Burkitts Lymphoma Disease Essay - 3211 Words

Burkitt’s lymphoma is a very aggressive form of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The disease is related with Epstein-Barr virus and was one of the first tumours shown to have a chromosomal translocation. The Burkitt’s lymphoma disease is the most common childhood cancer where malaria is predominantly an epidemic. About10% of all malignant diseases in children under 15 years of age. Disease is very common in those whose immune system is not functionally efficient. With the help of intensive chemotherapy, children are in better health. On the other hand, children in third world countries are not as aggressive in treatment of Burkitt’s lymphoma. The right prognosis helps doctors evaluate the initial steps of Burkitt’s lymphoma.†¦show more content†¦(1) The observation and description of the lymphoma named after Dennis Burkitt in 1964 was a major breakthrough in virology and in cancer research. It led to the discovery that all humans carry a DNA virus tha t can transform B lymphocytes, named after its discoverers Epstein-Barr-Virus, (EBV) , this is virus which causes glandular fever; however, the virus carrying state is mostly harmless. This is due to two main aspects of the complex host-virus and host-cell and virus interactions. According to Epstein The gene expressions strategy of the virus adjusts it to various cellular environments that together with our immune response establish a finely poised balance of the virus carrying state, limiting the proliferation of the virally infected cells. Activation of the c-myc ontogeny by chromosomal translocation is the key event in this malignancy. Burkitt lymphoma was called the Rosetta Stone of EBV biology, and the stalking horse of cancer research. (2) Points discussed in the reviews touch on the history of the discoveries of the lymphoma and of the virus, the expression types of the EBV encoded proteins in cells with latent infection, the pivotal role and functional consequences of the l g/myc translocation the success of immune surveillance, and the crippling of the major apoptotic pathways. (3) TheShow MoreRelatedBurkitt s Lymphom An Uncommon Form Of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma1040 Words   |  5 PagesBurkitt’s lymphoma is an uncommon form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In United States, the case rate during 2001-2009 period was 0.4 cases per 100,000 population according to NCI’s SEER statistical database.1 Burkitt’s lymphoma constitutes 0.4% of all the lymphoid tumor accounting for between 40 and 50% of childhood non-Hodgkin s lymphomas (NHLs) in non-endemic areas.2-4 The sporadic form in adults accounts for 1–2% of all adult lymphomas in western Europe and the United States.5 Burkitt’s lymphomaRead MoreEpstein Barr Virus ( Ebv )1416 Words   |  6 Pagesby Sir Michael Anthony Epstein and Ms. Yvonne Barr. They located it in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. It was the first virus to be associated with cancer. Infection of Epstein-Barr (EBV) is extremely widespread. The National Institutes of Health estimates that roughly 95% of people carry the virus. The virus was later found to cause infectious mononucleosis. Mononucleosis has since been nicknamed the â€Å"kissing disease†. Transmission is spread orally, primarily through saliva. Healthy people are ableRead MoreVictor Ambons : The Discovery Of Mirna By Victor Elegans954 Words   |  4 Pagesgastric, ovarian and prostate cancers) [40] or amplification of the miR-17-92 cluster family on chromosome 13q 31.1, which is amplified in B cell lymphoma [59, 65]. 1.10 EBV The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a human tumor virus, was discovered by Michael Anthony Epstein, Bert Geoffrey Achong and Yvonne Barr, using biopsy material of Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) patients in 1964 [66]. It is estimated that more than 95 % of the adult human population is seropositive for EBV infection. In the infected individualRead MoreCase Study Of DLBCA1185 Words   |  5 PagesDiscussion Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the fifth most common cancer type, worldwide. DLBCL is the most common form of NHL [104, 105]. DLBCL is a heterogeneous group of disease, in regards to pathology and clinical genetics characteristics. The heterogeneity arise, due to dysregulation in different stage of B-cell development, regulated by different transcription factors such as B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6)[106-108]. Due to this clinical and biological diversity, DLBCL is categorized into two commonRead MoreDevelopment of a Lab-on-a-Chip Device to Detect DNA Double Strand Breaks in Situ793 Words   |  3 Pagescellular survival and function particularly in the case of erroneous DNA repair mechanisms. Indeed, many cancers bear oncogenic rearrangements, loss and/or amplification of genetic material. For example, the underlying cause of most cases of Burkitt’s lymphoma is a rearrangement involving the c-MYC gene, a proto-oncogene[2]. Therefore, accumulation of DSBs and/or defective DNA repair system is a major threat and its detection can bring large value in the prediction of carcinogenesis. Current technologiesRead MoreViruses : A Small Organisms And Most Viruses Essay2092 Words   |  9 Pagesdamage the DNA within the cells causing them to result into cancer and alter the immune system, so that it is less able to fight off cancer cells (Fayed). According to The National Cancer Institute, cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divideRead MorePrevention Of Aids Related Lymphoma2833 Words   |  12 Pages AIDS-related lymphoma is a broad term for a group of blood cancers that, as its name implies, affects AIDS patients. There are various types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) that this category encompasses, so it is not as clear-cut as one might imagine. AIDS-related lymphoma is a very complex disease with many factors to consider. It is important to understand the origin of AIDS-related lymphoma. According to the article â€Å"AIDS-Related Malignancies,† AIDS-related lymphoma is believed to be causedRead MoreIdentify And Describe Three Groups Of Low G + C Gram Positive Bacteria1579 Words   |  7 PagesIdentify and describe three groups of low G+C Gram-positive bacteria. Clostridia: rod-shaped, obligate anaerobes, some form endospores, produce potent toxins that cause a variety of diseases in humans. Important in medicine industry (Botox oral plaque). Examples of clostridia include C. tetani (cause tetanus), C. perfringens ( causes gangrene), C. botulinum ( causes botulism) and C. difficle (severe diarrhea). Microbes related to Clostridium include: Epulopiscium - a giant bacterium that canRead MoreThe Sequence Of Target Messenger Rna1604 Words   |  7 Pagesof the activities of all protein-coding genes in mammals are controlled by miRNAs and greatly contributes to cell-type specific profiles of protein expression (Bader and Lammers, 2009). MiRNA are extensively involved in various human pathogenic diseases including cancer and its widespread has opened a new opportunity for the study and development of new therapeutic strategies (Gray, 2015). There are two strategies that are involved in miRNA-based therapeutics: miRNA antagonists, which is also referredRead MoreNon-Hodgkins Lymphoma5500 Words   |  22 PagesNon-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Introduction According to the American Cancer Society website, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (also known as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s disease, NHL, or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in the cells of the lymph system, which is part of the body’s immune system.1 It is a type of cancer of the blood that affects the white blood cells, which are usually involved in protecting against infections. NHL is not a single disease, but rather a group of at least 31

Racial Profiling People of Middle Eastern Descent Essay

The issue of discrimination has been one that has been with our country for years. It became an issue again with the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City. It is known that people of Arab decent were behind the attack. Because of that, a huge issue of racial profiling has come up as people look at all people of that decent as evil terrorists. Most of these people have been living in the United States all their lives, and have done nothing to warrant the accusations. The question then becomes, should we let these people go on living innocent until proven guilty, or should we make an exception in this case? Our nation has lived by the code of â€Å"innocent until proven guilty† since its creation so many years ago,†¦show more content†¦The pilot didnt say anything. He just kind of nodded at her and he walked up to the front, looked at me, looked at the two in front of me -- didnt say nothing. Next thing I know one of the gate agents is callin g our names.† (Hirchkorn Okwu) Dasrath is 32 years old, works as an analyst for Morgan Stanley, and more importantly is a full fledged US citizen. That is clearly racial profiling. Of course, we go back to the burning question right now. Was the airline just being safe? And does the airline have a responsibility to remove an individual from the flight who is making another passenger uncomfortable? Of course, most of the airlines either declined comment or gave the standard â€Å"we do not support discrimination of any kind† answer. Only one airline gave a statement with any meaning, and that was American Airlines. American supports our captains when those decisions are made, said spokesman Todd Burke. He declined further comment. (Hirchkorn Okwu) American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) spokesman Reggie Shuford disagrees with the airlines. â€Å"When a passenger -- a fellow passenger -- is given veto power over somebody elses ability to fly based on nothing other than hysteria and discrimination, then we all need to takeShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling902 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Profiling Racial Profiling is wrong, and stereotyping certain races as having a greater propensity to commit crimes should be prohibited. Ever since the terrorist attacks of September 11 there have been an increase in the willingness to condone law enforcement and security actions based primarily on the color of ones’ skin. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, it has been the official policy of the United States government to stop, interrogate, and detain individuals without criminal chargesRead MoreEssay on Smart Profiling is More Effective Than Racial Profiling1252 Words   |  6 PagesFareed Zakaria traces these acts of racial profiling all the way back to 1790 during the French-American War (Zakaria 308). Such injustices are usually â€Å"overreactions to a limited threat† (Zakaria 309). Zakaria identifies the current mistreatment of Middle Eastern-Muslims within the United States as a similar overreaction (Zakaria 309). In the war on terror, an unfair emphasis has been placed on the race and religion of terrorism suspects. This use of racial profiling as a tool in the war on terrorismRead MoreJust Say No Programs And The War On Drugs Laws1375 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernmental racial projects of racial profiling cast new forms of racial control on blacks reminiscent of the days of slavery as the focal point of Regan’s implementation of the â€Å"war on drug laws† centered in poor urban black neighborhoods stripped of jobs, resources, and basic public services. Regan’s enforcing of anti-drug efforts in poor urban black communities led to a form of social control that led to a tripling of the prison population over the past 30 years that reflects enormous racial disparitiesRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Is Ineffective and Reduces Public Safety937 Words   |  4 Pages Racial Profiling is law enforcement and private security practices that disproportionately target people of color for investigation and enforcement. Racial Profiling occurs across the United States and an overwhelming number of Hispanics and African Americans, including childr en, are being stopped. Some may say â€Å"racial profiling is an ineffective and degrading practice that violates civil rights† while others say that it is â€Å"necessary to counter terrorism and reduce crime.† In myRead MoreRacial Profiling : The National Institute Of Justice Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pages Racial Profiling in U.S History Selyna Copeland Professor Dora Leal Social Science 180 10 November, 2016 The National Institute of Justice (â€Å"Racial Profiling†) stated that racial profiling, which is a form of discrimination, racism, and stereotypes is when law enforcement, based on a person’s race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion targets a person for suspicion of crimes. Today people can turn on their television, go online, and even listen to their radios and they will hear aboutRead More Racial Profiling by Police Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with stereotypes and prejudices about people of certain races. It is evident in all aspects of our lives, including media, culture, and even the legal system. The police are there to protect and serve the community. Racial profiling has prevented police from serving all the community, because in their minds it has been segregated. This has often been disregarded while in reality, racial profiling has corrupted society’s perception of groups of people, especially in law enforcement. On our nationsRead MoreRacial Profiling Or Prejudice Based Upon Race970 Words   |  4 Pagesthat racism is â€Å"Discrimination or prejudice based upon race. That is exactly what racial profiling is. I am not however arguing that if a person is robbed says the criminal who robbed them was an adult black male that the police should look for everyone other than an adult black male for that crime, but also not try and use that information to persecute younger black males. However, that is not considered profiling in that instance, it is not based on demographics or statistics, and it is based uponRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil Rights Movement1439 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the National Institute of Justice, racial profiling refers to the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual s race, ethnicity, religion or national origin. Any definition of racial profiling must include, in addition to racially or ethnically discriminatory acts, discriminatory omissions on the part of law enforcement as well. For example, during the eras of lynching in the South in the nineteenth andRead MoreRacial Profiling And The American Society1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe topic of racial profiling is very prominent in our American society. I witness accounts of it every day, whether it is while going through an airport, reading about crime, and it’s heavily influenced within the world of politics. Racial profiling is a way for law enforcement to target certain individuals that are suspected of committing a crime. This involves race, ethnicity, religi ous beliefs, etc. The act of racial profiling allows law enforcement to alienate certain communities, which, inRead MoreRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesRacial discrimination is one of many terms used to express the suppression of a race or many races, but more specifically, it refers to the ill-treatment a person or group receives as a result of differences in their race, color, descent, national, ethnic origin or immigrant status. (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). Racial discrimination can be perpetrated by individuals within society, and corporate institutions such as schools, the work force and the government, all of which we have seen

Substance Abuse in Older Populations - 1147 Words

The issue of substance misuse and abuse among the elderly population is complex. The elderly rarely use alcohol or drugs to get high rather drug or alcohol use that begins after age 60 appears fundamentally different (Culberson Ziska 2008). The elderly sometimes turn to alcohol and drugs to alleviate the physical and psychological pain from the onslaught of medical and psychiatric illness, the loss of loved ones or social isolation (Culberson Ziska 2008). Elderly patients have a combination of and functional and social habits that support substance use. As adults age, they are often unable to do the social things they have been accustomed to. This is when many elderly persons begin to display problems doing the tasks of daily life. The option of taking a pill with the promise that it will aid in living independently is often a viable option for the elderly. This desire to remain independent is an important part in the complex treatment plan that is established when it comes to a ssisting an elderly patient who is abusing his or her medication. This paper will discuss the crucial role played by medical personnel, the influence of societal biases, and family and peer support systems of the elderly who are struggling with substance misuse and abuse. The importance of training physicians, identification and assessments, and treatment approaches are discussed as well. Prescription Drugs The number of people misusing prescription drugs is increasing in the United StatesShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse in Older Population1556 Words   |  6 Pagesof defense in helping the elderly who are struggling with substance abuse is assisting them in recognizing there is a problem and correctly screening for substance abuse (Han et al., 2009). This primary role of the physician is essential to the treatment of the older patient’s medical needs. The medical community plays an important role in the lives of older people. Physicians prescribe the medications which a person might possibly abuse. It is the responsibility of the physician to identify andRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1473 Words   |  6 Pages2011. The number of older Americans will increase from 35 to 70 million by the year 2030 (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2000). The nation’s population will increase 18% during and the population aged 65 and older will increase 78% ( Wan, Sengupta, Velkoff, DeBarros, 2005). One growing concern within the elderly population is that of substance abuse as it pertains to the increasing numbers of substance abusers, and/or the increasing rates of substance abuse among the elderlyRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1668 Words   |  7 Pageselder population. The number of Americans age 65 or older are living longer, in more comfort and in better health than ever before. However, not all American elders are living in good health. As our aging baby boomers live longer, a substantial and growing percentage of older adults misuse alcohol, prescription drugs, or other substances (Bartel, Blow, Brockmann, 2005). In turn, substance abuse among the elder is generating major health concerns and a rapid need for prevention methods. Substance abuseRead MoreSubstance Abuse and the Elderly Essay example1705 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance Abuse and the Elderly Substance abuse in the elderly exists just as in any other population. Many seniors develop substance abuse problems due to circumstances or situations due to the aging process. A report by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment/Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration indicates that 17% of adults age 60 and older are affected by alcohol abuse and abuse of legal drugs. The report also states that a third of those seniors who abuse substances didRead MoreDrug Abuse Within The Elderly Population1135 Words   |  5 Pagesthe number of prescriptions written for controlled substances (those with an addictive quality) has increased more than 150% since 2008. Until recently, the social issue of drug abuse within the elderly population has not been widely understood or addressed. Because this is an issue affecting an ever-growing number of the country’s population, the focus of our practice based research project will be based primarily on the increasing number of older adults who are becoming addicted to prescriptionRead MoreSubstance Abusers: A Vulnerable Population Essay840 Words   |  4 PagesVulnerable Population A vulnerable population are people that have specific characteristics, or risk factors, that increase the probability of developing health problems (Harkness DeMarco, 2012, p.103). A Vulnerable is important because anyone can become a part of this population. One is going to be describing the characteristics of substance abusers. Next, give the common health issue and needs. Then, give specific resources that Peoria have to offer. Finally, how substance abuse relates to HealthyRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders ( Dsm ) Defines Substance Abuse As Addiction Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesDefinitions Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) defines substance abuse as addiction. Addiction is defined by abuse and dependence. â€Å"Abuse† is use that impairs an individual person’s ability to function. â€Å"Dependence† is physical withdraw, and centering one’s life around obtaining and using the substance (Kaye and David, 2014). Like a lot of populations those individuals who suffer from substance abuse have terms they are referred to that are offensive to them and their diseaseRead MoreDysthymia And Substance Abuse Within Adults And Treatments Used For Recovery1576 Words   |  7 PagesDysthymia and Substance Abuse within Adults and the Treatments Used for Recovery Dysthymia (recently categorized into a new disorder called Persistent Depressive Disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM – V)) is a mood disorder where an adult has depression that lasts for at least two years or longer. While moderately depressed, according to Butcher, Hooley, and Mineka (2014), a person must also have at least two or more symptoms to be diagnosed withRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Older Adults Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesI was surprised to hear that substance abuse is a growing epidemic among our elderly because when I think of the elderly I don’t think falling over on the floor drunk or sitting at a bar knocking drinks back. It really is an â€Å"invisible epidemic†. It was shocking to hear that because of insufficient knowledge, health care providers often overlook substance abuse among older adults and fail to diagnose them correctly. â€Å"Symptoms of substance abuse in older individuals sometimes mimic symptoms of otherRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Depression820 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough older adults are at increased risk of depression, it is not a normal part of aging (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015; Mental Health Association, 2016). Depression is among the leading causes of disability in the general adult population, ages 18 years and above (US Preventative Services Taskforce [USPST], 2016). The US Preventative Services Taskforce recommends that all adult patients be screened for depression (USPST, 2016). Approximately 6% of older adults, ages 65

Biography of Richard Milhous Nixon Essay - 1194 Words

Richard Milhous Nixon, a US President, resigned from office. Richard Nixon went through a lot of hard troubles to get to presidency to have to resign before he could finish his second term, even though he did some great deeds as president. Nixon despite his mistakes, made a great impact on the United States. Nixon’s childhood wasn’t the childhood one dreams of having. Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 on a lemon ranch in Yorba Linda, California. His parents were not wealthy which meant Nixon had to work even harder to be successful (â€Å"Nixon†). Nixon was a great help in his family by helping in family gas station/grocery store. Nixon, the hard worker he was, enrolled at Whittier College in 1930. Nixon was very involved at his school†¦show more content†¦Following the election Nixon and his family moved to Washington. Nixon served on 3 committees the education, labor, and hetter. Nixon supported restricting the powers of labor unions. In the Taft and Hartley act. Nixon as a member of the house un-American activities committee, took and investigation against Alger hiss, a former state department official of spying on the Soviet Union. By taking this case Nixon was given much publicity. Nixon was reelected in 1948 (â€Å"Biography of Richard Nixo n†). Nixon decided because of his previous victories in the political standpoint to run for senate. He won the election over Helen Douglas in 1950 to take the senate seat. Douglas first called Nixon â€Å"Tricky dick†. As senator Nixon gave speeches about global communism and talked about how he didn’t like the way president Truman was handling the Korean War. Later because of the way Nixon was handling himself Eisenhower selected Nixon to be his run mate in Chicago on July 11, 1952. After the selection of Nixon in about 2 months there were rumors of Nixon having a secret cash fund for personal expenses. Nixon was enraged; he appeared neither on national TV to prove it was not secret nor for his own expenses. The speech made many republicans trust him again. In November of 1952 Nixon and Eisenhower defeated their opponents Adlai and John (â€Å"Biography of Richard Nixon†). Nixon now the new VP made sure the public new VP was an importantShow More RelatedThe Decision That Cost Nixon s Presidential Legacy1221 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Richard Nixon left his legacy only referred as one thing, Watergate. This decision cost President Nixon not only is presidency but tainted his name forever as an American President. Nixon was quick to deny the allegation that he was involved in any activity at the Watergate hotel but reporters began to follow the trail of paper work the led them to Nixon. During Nixon’s speech on August 8, 1974, he used words like â€Å"some errors in judgment† and these words have stuck with Nixon until hisRead MoreScandal : The Watergate Scandal2408 Words   |  10 Pagesin order to assist President Richard Nixon in his reelection into office. Some say that Nixon was aware of the illegal acts taking place in the Watergate building while others disagree. Regardless, Nixon tried his best to cover up the scandal afterwards by destroying evidence and even giving the burglars large amounts of mo ney in order for them to keep their mouths shut. In August 1974, President Nixon resigned from office after his role in the scandal came out. Nixon was not prosecuted, however,Read MoreThe Presidential Election Of 2016 Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions people had in the election of 1968 with Nixon, as the options they were left with to choose was not one of which many were enthused about. Richard Milhous Nixon born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. (Biography.com Editors, paragraph 2) Donald John Trump, born in June 14, 1946, in Queens, New York. Both were one of five Children of their families. (Biography.com Editors, paragraph 2). In both of their of biographies, Nixon attended Duke University and earned a degree in lawRead MoreEssay on I Am Not a Crook: The Watergate Scandal1561 Words   |  7 Pages The 37th President, Richard Milhous Nixon, marred the reputation of not only himself, but of every president after him. The Watergate Scandal was a major upheav al in the trust of a president. When it came to electing officials, President Nixon wasnt the best; he often elected corrupt officials. The Cambodian Campaign, which was ordered by Nixon, prolonged Americas involvement in the Vietnam War, which was driven by heavy anti-communist views, not with the best interest of America in mind.. UsingRead MoreEssay on Nixon2104 Words   |  9 Pages NIXON Nixon had a difficult early life with many trials and hardships, which affected his character and way of thinking about the world and himself. The premature death of two of his brothers caused him deep-rooted trauma. He had a lifelong inability to trust other people. From the competition between his siblings, he got a keen sense of competition and struggle and a belief that in the end, he was alone against fate and his enemies. He believed vehemently that â€Å"The mark of the man is to be resilientRead MoreThe Most Controversial American Presidents9333 Words   |  38 PagesAssassination 19 Chapter IV. Richard Nixon 21 IV.1 Early life and education 21 IV.2 Presidency 22 IV.3 Death and funeral 23 Chapter V. Theodore Roosevelt 24 V.1 Early life and education 24 V.2 Presidency 1901–1909 25 V.3 Later years and death 26 Conclusion 28 Bibliography 29 Argument I have chosen this subject because I wanted to find out more about the most controversial American presidents: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, John. F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon and Theodor Roosevelt. George

Same-sex marriages Free Essays

Introduction Same sex marriages involves coming together of a two people of the same gender to form a family.   These marriages are not recognized in most countries in the world.   In the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Same-sex marriages or any similar topic only for you Order Now S, only the states of Iowa and Massachusetts allow gay marriages. The state Vermont recognizes civil unions, which are similar but lesser than marriages. Civil unions do not guarantee the couples full rights enjoyed in marriages. The Federal Government, under the Defense of Marriage Act of 1996, does not recognize same sex marriages but leaves individual states the room to deliberate on acceptable forms gay unions. (Strasser, Mark, 1994:14) Gay people have stepped up to campaigns for recognition of same sex marriages.   While gay people have been granted equal rights in many fields in life such as employment, they are denied the right to marriage. A complex argument has come up proponents of same sex marriages on one side and opponents on the other each presenting their points. (Vesterman, W, 1994:2)   The main controversy has been the definition of marriage.   Gay people want the right to marry, adopt and raise children.   Legalization of same-sex marriages would have an impact on all human perspectives.   Businesses would accord employees from gay marriages same treatment.   There would be social realignment and allocation of role in society. Religious bodies, more so Christians and Muslims lead the anti-gay marriages campaign. Thesis statement Same-sex marriages should not be legalized. Arguments for Same-sex marriages go against nature.   Marriage is meant to be a union of one man and one woman.   It is an abnormality to develop feelings to a person of the same gender. People are born male and female to compliment each other in marriage. It is only by choice and exposure to gay tendencies that they become gay.   Gay tendencies are not exhibited by any other form of life so as to suggest its is a natural phenomenon.   Animals, even the closest primates, do not display gay behavior.   To legalize a marriage founded on an unnatural behavior would distort the notion of marriage, as we know it. Same-sex unions are not fit to raise children in.   The parents’ relationship is not favourable to raising children in a proper way.   Children raised in these unions would be predisposed to gay behaviour.   They would not be given a chance to live normal lives.   Children grow up learning through copying parental actions, as they are not mature enough to make informed decision.   Legalizing such a marriage would be exposing adopted children to unnatural acts.(Patterson, Charlotte, 2001:346) Legalizing same-sex marriages would lead to other anti-social behaviors.   Just as gay individual would have succeeded in legalizing their cause, others would also come out and demand their rights.   It may lead to a rise in incest and bestiality.   These individuals would always fall back on to the case of the same-sex marriage to argue out their point.   Polygamists would also demand recognition by law.   It would to lead to absurdities such as an individual entering into to a union with an animal and demanding legal recognition.   He or she would use the same arguments pushed by pro-gay marriages activists today. The marriage institution has an all-important role of procreation.   This role is best performed in a marriage.   Same-sex marriages by design lack the capacity to procreate.   Without the ability to perform this role, the marriage would be incomplete.   Without procreation, humankind would not regenerate itself.   The fact that gay marriage proponents are mainly in nations with low birth rates is worrying.   Legalizing same-sex marriage would be putting perpetuity of man in jeopardy in the long run. Legalizing gay marriages would be tantamount to giving gay people favored status. Gays want their issues to be treated in the same way as those of the disabled and the chronically ill.   They however do not want to be treated the same way as pedophiles, masochists or even cannibals.   These are people who choose to be the way they are and therefore do not merit special status.   In their pleas for favored states, they use words laden with emotions to gain sympathy such as discrimination, homophobia and tolerance. Traditionally and morally, marriage is a man and woman affairs.   As a society we cannot neglect the traditions and morals that have always guided us and maintained order.   The society does not have to be immoral to advance.   Legalizing same-sex marriages will tear the fabric that holds society together.   It will create a sense of disorder and loss of direction for men.   This social order must be closely guarded.(www.cnn.com) Legalizing same-sex marriage would be great experimentation with such as sensitive matter. The same sex marriage euphoria is the West might have dangerous results since it has no been tried before.   Since same-sex relationships have gained prominence in the last twenty years, their long-term effects cannot be projected.   This euphoria has been fueled by political correctedness that makes people approve even the most absurd ideas. Arguments Against. Failure to legalize same-sex marriages will be denial of individuals their fundamental right. It would be tantamount to government intrusion into ones private life.   The government should not stop consenting adults from marriage whether gay or heterosexual.   Equality should be seen to prevail. Just as the government keeps off from straight marriages, it should also keep off the same sex marriages.(Scott, Bidstrup, 2004) Not legalizing same-sex marriages would be falling victim to stereotypes. Straight people see gay people as baseless and non-committal.   Straight people are homophobic not because, homosexuality is necessary bad, but because they are uncomfortable with it.   They are afraid of any changes in society regardless of their impact. Continued incrimination of same-sex marriage is due to religious overstepping their mandates. The church oversteps its mandate by imposing its policies on the nation.   There is little difference between the church and the state.   Politicians join the church’s course to gain political support in form conservative churchgoers. Majority in society have always oppressed the minority.   What is now being seen in the same sex marriage issue was experienced in slavery period.   Religious bodies and groups who supported and even engaged in slavery and subsequent segregation have no moral grounds to criticize same-sex marriages. Proponents of same sex marriages argue that legalization would in fact strengthen the institution of marriage.   Divorce rate would go down because gay people would not be forced into unions with people of the opposite gender. Gay people may try to conform to societal norms and marry the opposite gender.   They end-up in unhappy unions that lead to divorce.   Legalization would also reduce stress related problems such as suicide and depression due to denial of right to be legally married. Proponents of same-sex marriages also argued that gay marriages have capacity to bring up children in the normal way.   They point-out that what a child needs is not heterosexual parents but tender care and nurturing.   They argue that same-sex couples can provide that care just like straight parents. Pro-gay marriage groups insist that gay people are born rather than choosing to be gay.   They claim that they are born with gay tendencies inherent.   They point out that nobody would choose to be ridiculed and victimized through out their life.   If it were something they would control they would just opt for the easier option of heterosexuality.   Criminalizing same-sex marriages would be failure to recognize the predicament facing gay people.(Pinello, Daniel, R, 2006: 76) Conclusion. Same-sex marriages should not be legalized under any circumstance.   It is a social evil that should not permeate into society.   The government should look into the interests or the society and criminalize same-sex marriages.   It should not fall for emotional talk about discrimination and homophobia. The usage of ‘homophobia’ tires the portray those opposed to gay marriages as suffering from a mental condition. (Patterson, Charlotte, 2001 ) The society should resist any attempts to portray same-sex marriage as normal and natural. It is not evident in other forms of life. The claim that gay people are born is also a fallacy. They are people who have reformed their gay tendencies showing that it is really a choice. Homosexuality cannot be determined by scientific inquiry of the DNA.   All forms of consented sex and unions are voluntary. The marriages institutions cannot be strengthen by undermining its main foundations.   Same-sex marriages disrupt the main principle of marriage.   Same-sex couples are not able to offer proper care for kids. Such a marriage is unstable and do not provide the right environment for raising children. We should not embrace change just for the sake of change.   Restructuring the age-old basic unit of society would be a historical mistake.   The US should set precedence in protecting this all-important institution. References: Pinello, Daniel R., America’s Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage. Cambridge University Press, 2006: 76. Strasser, Mark, The Challenge of Same-Sex Marriage: Federalist Principles and Constitutional Protections. Praeger, 1999: 14 Patterson, Charlotte J., â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage and the Interests of Children†¦,† Virginia Journal of Social Policy Law, 9:346. 2001 Vesterman W. Reading and Writing Short Arguments. London: Mayfield, 1994:   p2, 4. CNN News, Politics: Bush Calls For Ban on Same Sex Marriage, 05/02/2004. Retrieved on 10/10/07 from http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/02/24/elec04.prez.bush.marriage/ Scott Bidstrup. Gay Marriages: The Arguments and The Motives, 2004. Retrieved on 10/10/07 from http://www.bidstrup.com/marriage.htm How to cite Same-sex marriages, Essay examples

Character Study Of William Shakespeares Hamlet English Literature Essay Free Essays

When talking to Polonius ( Excerpt 1 ) , Ophelia about becomes dense. Although she expresses herself, she does so in an highly laden manner. When asked about Hamlets stamps, Ophelia responds by stating that she doesnt know what to believe. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Study Of William Shakespeares Hamlet English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is an unfastened invitation to Polonius to determine her sentiments in any manner possible. Proof of this is in Polonius response: Marry, I ‘ll learn you: believe yourself a babe By stating this, Polonius wants to pull strings Ophelia. A babe is frequently portrayed as guiltless, un-knowing, fleeceable, and easy influenced. Babies besides absorb about anything they are shown or told, and reiterate these things about precisely the manner they were presented. This is precisely how Ophelia is ; she is dumbed down in her relationship with her male parent. She becomes a topic of his, a figure to make his command. This is non the merely relationship where Ophelia is pushed around. Ophelias relationship with Claudius is even worse than her relationship with Polonius. Although Polonius uses Ophelia for aid in his Acts of the Apostless of espionage, Claudius uses Ophelia in even more evil commands, such as messing with Hamlets bosom. In Excerpt 2, Ophelia is in the state of affairs where she must deny Hamlet to see his response. This thought was largely formulated by the King to happen the beginning of Hamlets evident insanity. The male monarch, in an attempt to convey more stableness to his life, wants Hamlet to go stable as good. Because of this, he is willing to give the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia to heighten his ain state of affairs. Claudius asks Ophelia to return Hamlets letters. Ophelia has no pick by to follow and as a consequence destroys her relationship with Hamlet. The Queens relationship with Ophelia is similar to the Kings relationship with Ophelia. The Queen is in a really commanding relationship ( as seen in Excerpt 2 ) ( Madam I wish it may ) with Ophelia. But, it is for a different ground. The King controls Ophelia as a device to break his ain state of affairs. The Queen utilizations Ophelia to bring out the jobs with Hamlet ( out of echt attention for Hamlet ) . But, the Queen is highly nescient and fails to recognize that her actions are really aching Hamlet more. The most interesting and most cryptic relationship is the connexion between Hamlet and Ophelia. Near the beginning of the drama, Ophelia references to Polonius an act of Hamlets that can be interpreted as confidant ( Just predating Excerpt 1 ) . Hamlet seemingly writes infinite letters to Ophelia during this clip, and it isnt until Ophelia ( non by pick ) returns Hamlets letters that their relationship alterations. Ophelia goes from being in love with Hamlet to feel foring him ( O, what a baronial head is here o’erthrown! ( III.i, 163 ) ) . On the other side, Hamlet is amused by the full experience. He to the full realizes what is traveling on with Ophelia, Claudius, and Polonius and he finds it entertaining. From that point on in the book, Hamlet uses Ophelia as some kind of amusement. BUT, deep down, it is evident that Hamlet is still really much in love with Ophelia. Ophelia has different types of relationships with different characters. The King uses Ophelia for his ain personal addition. Polonius uses Ophelia for aid in his Acts of the Apostless of espionage. The Queen utilizations Ophelia to happen out more about Hamlets issues. And Hamlet uses Ophelia for amusement. But, throughout the book Hamlet remains in love with Ophelia. All of these utilizations for Ophelia make her the biggest tool of Denmark. The motive of moving: Ophelias function Throughout the drama, Ophelia is forced into state of affairss of moving to carry through the command of others. The most prevailing of these state of affairss is where she must return Hamlets letters, a statement that she doesnt want/love him. This function of moving is meant to carry through Claudius, Polonius and the Queens purposes, which fit two other motives in the drama: misrepresentation and espionage. Ophelias moving was merely a portion of the larger programs of misrepresentation and espionage. Although Ophelia had literally no influence in the planning of the misrepresentation and espionage, she helped to transport it out, and is hence merely every bit guilty as the other plotters. Flowers: Ophelias Connection to Flowers OPHELIA There ‘s rosemary, that ‘s for recollection ; pray, love, retrieve: and there is Viola tricolor hortensiss. that ‘s for ideas. Laertess A papers in lunacy, ideas and recollection fitted. OPHELIA There ‘s fennel for you, and aquilegias: there ‘s herb of grace for you ; and here ‘s some for me: we may name it herb-grace O ‘ Lord’s daies: O you must have on your herb of grace with a difference. There ‘s a daisy: I would give you some violets, but they withered all when my male parent died: they say he made a good terminal, — ( Sings ) For bonnie sweet Robin is all my joy. ( IV.v, 199-210 ) Ophelia chooses her flowers carefully. In making so she represents each of the characters in their ain manner, uncovering even more who they truly are. Rosemary/Pansies – Laertes: Remembrance of Polonius, maintain the memory of their male parent alive. Fennel Claudius: Obsequiousness of Ophelia, reflects their relationship. Columbine Claudius: Infidelity, non faithful in love for household and others. Rue Queen/Herself: Grief, mourning Daisy Queen: Dishonesty, fraudulence ( Queens headlong matrimony ) Violets Hamlet: Fidelity and truthfulness, Hamlet through his ain prevarications has helped destruct their relationship. This leads me to believe that possibly Ophelia isnt truly insane, possibly shes merely improbably angry and is blinded by her choler. She must hold put an atrocious sum of idea into these flowers, more than any insane individual can take the clip to make. I believe that she merely reached a breakage point ; she no longer wants to be used. The Tool of Denmark has broken. Note: Flower Meanings from hypertext transfer protocol: //aboutflowers.com/flower-a-plant-information-and-photos/meanings-of-flowers.html and hypertext transfer protocol: //www.800florals.com/care/meaning.asp How to cite Character Study Of William Shakespeares Hamlet English Literature Essay, Essay examples

DEad Man Walking Essay Example For Students

DEad Man Walking Essay Dead Man WalkingThe film, Dead Man Walking was made in 1995, and was adopted from Sister Helen Prejeans 1993 autobiographical book, which has the same title. It examines one of the most highly debated controversial issues of our time capital punishment. Since the protagonist of a film is regarded as the good guy, I would apply this label to Sister Helen Prajean, played by Susan Sarandon, and that of the antagonist, or the bad guy to Matthew Poncelet, played by Sean Penn. However, even though Sean Penn is definitely the bad guy, by definition, my feelings changed as the film progressed with Seans eventual understanding of the enormity of his transgression. (Rozan, 17) The story presented in the film attracts the viewer because of the strong emotions, which are evoked by the violence of the murder and rape, but also by the actors themselves. The issues of crime and punishment are examined from multiple viewpoints the victims family members, the killers, society, the lawyer, and a melding of all views within the religious conviction portrayed by Susan Sarandon. Your feelings go through many changes, as each view is examined and reexamined, as the story unfolds with more and more information concerning the actual crime and the events prior, during, and after its commission. The film unfolds with Penns emotions moving from defiance to remorse, (Rozan, 17) without actually providing a absolute judgment to the viewer, as to whether capital punishment is right or wrong-good or evil.As Sarandon tells Penn There are spaces of sorrow only God can touch. (Rozan, 17). The concepts of good and evil are clearly defined within the context of the film by the parameters of our criminal justice system and society in general. A very clear message is given-the perpetrator of such heinous crimes will pay with his life. This view is not challenged by the film. The concept of capital punishment, however, is questioned, as the workings of death row are explained and eventually seen. Penn gradually comes to an awareness of himself and his place in our society by fighting his eventual death by execution. You end up wondering whether the cause of justice to society and specifically to the victims and their families could possibly be served just as well by a life sentence, without the possibility of parole. You further ask yourself if you could actually administer the lethal injection yourself, rather than having someone else do it. The film makes a political statement concerning capital punishment, but doesnt overtly preach its message. The message is provided by Penns quest for his souls redemption via Sarandons interaction. Dead Man Walkings message has the viewer questioning beliefs, which he was previously sure of. Theoretically, you may think that capital punishment in this case is a foregone conclusion, but as you get to understand Penns character the black and white of the case now has shades of gray. The writer-director, Tim Robbins explores the psychological and moral relationship that develops between Penn and Sarandon. The faint possibility that evil and goodness can find a way of speaking to one another, the dim hope that the former can be in some sense redeemed, the later in some sense educated. (Schickel, 69) is proffered for the viewer to think about. The rewards of criminal behavior result in Penns death. The cost of violent, unconscionable acts result in his execution. The crime cannot be justified, but the viewer cannot help but try to understand Penn as a human being that has to pay for an act, which society cannot condone or accept. You ask yourself How could he do such a terrible thing? Understanding is a tough challenge which is met by Sarandons character because she will not give up on Penns ability to understand how wrong he was and to seek forgiveness from a higher power, since society cannot forgive him. We know he is guilty, but the film does cause us to question what we may have formerly thought was totally right-capital punishment. You end up asking yourself, whether Penns personal redemption is worth foregoing his execution. Can good come out of evil? Can God truly forgive? If you say you are truly sorry and repent sincerely, is it enough? Are there really answers to questions such as these within our earthly realm, or should these questions only be resolved by God? I really do not know. Pearl Harbor EssayLife imprisonment without parole serves the same purposes as capital punishment at less cost without the practical disadvantages and injustices of its actual practice. Churches should call for an immediate moratorium and work for the eventual end of the death penalty. Many contend that the use of capital punishment as a form of deterrence does not work, as there are no fewer murders in countries or states that do have it, then those that do not. In order for capital punishment to work as a deterrence, certain events must be present in the criminals mind prior to committing the offence. The criminal must be aware that others have been punished in the past for the offence that he or she is planning. The moral issues concerning the legitimacy of the death have been brought by many abolitionists. They think that respect for life forbids the use of the death penalty, while retentionists believe that respect for life requires it. Retentionists says the bible (Genesis 9:6) says, Whosoever sheds mans blood, by man may his blood be shed. This classic argument in favor of the death penalty has usually been interpreted as a proper and moral reason for putting a murderer to death. Supporters of capital punishment say that society has the right to kill in defense of its members, just as an individual has the right to kill in self defense for his or her own personal safety. This analogy is somewhat doubtful, however, as long as the effectiveness of the death penalty as a deterrent to violent crimes has yet to be proven. BibliographyAnsen, David. The Killer And The Nun. Newsweek 8 January 1996. Moore, Susan. Responsibility. Quadrant September 1996. Musbach, Tom. Evangelical Cinema. Commonweal 22 March 1996. Prejean, Helen. Dead Man Walking. New York: Random House, 1993. Rodgers, Christy. Dead Man Walking. Cineaste June 1996. Rozen, Leah. Dead Man Walking. People 15 January 1996. Schickel, Richard. The Executionees Song. Time 8 January 1996. The Bible

How to Manage and Motivate Employees in an Organization

Question: Describe about theManaging People in Organizations and Employee Motivation?. Answer: Introduction Organization behaviour is the application of knowledge on ways that employees will relate with the organization. For any firm to succeed, organisation behaviour is should be put in to practice so as to ensure people in an organisation behave or respond to situations in a manner that is required of them.(Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Organisation behaviour thus is not about the way organisations behave, but the study of an individual behaviour when in an organisation setting. For example, it will look at how an employee will behave alone and how he will behave when in a group. The study of organisation behaviour is very important as in enables firms to gain a much greater understanding of factors that influence an indivual behaviour and group dynamics. This is important as it will enable groups and individuals become more effective in the organisation. Organisation behaviour assists in formulating organization structure, improve technologies and help employees in the organization to blend with the work environment. According to Snezana (2007), organization behavior is defined as the study which looks at the role employees and the organization structure will play in the firm for the purpose of improving the effectiveness of the firm. This report looks at factors that affect employee motivation in organizations by discussing some of the main variables that if not managed properly will affect the way people work in the organization(Bernerth, et al., 2007). Employee Attitude Armstrong Taylor (2014), looks at attitude as being the beliefs and feelings that are highly influenced by the way employees will look at the kind of work they assigned in to. Employee attitude is also very important as it will be able to determine their commitment to the firm(Root, 2016). For example, when an employee starts complaining about working hours, his dissatisfaction might spread to other workers. Another example is when a department is run by a very cranky manager who is always scolding workers or refusing to appraise employees; this might make the working atmosphere difficult thus affect employee attitude and behaviour(Mack, 2016). . The attitude of employees also produces their evaluative statements with regard to the way the view one another in their work places; it will determine their commitment to the organization. The attitude of an employee also reflects the way each employee feels about a particular task and other operations in the organization like their boss, salary, working hours and job allocation. According to Candlin Sarangi (2011), the attitude of an employee is usually regard under three components that include the behavioral component which will analyse the intention of each employee as the enter the office and why some of them will behave in a particular manner with regard to different aspects of the organization(Candlin Sarangi, 2011). It will also look at the cognitive component which analyses the emotional aspect of the opinions and other decisions that are made in the organization(Cummings Worley, 2014). Thirdly is the affective component which will discuss the feelings of each employee and emotions regarding worktime of an action taken in the organisaiton (Benn Bolton, 2011). In order to deeply understand the relationship between organization behaviour and the attitude of an employee Leon Festinger theory of Cognitive dissonance, (2007) can be applied as it discusses different incompative situations which a person will use to reflect on different attitudes at work. There are so many studies which support the theory as an employee attitude is a major determinant of the what the person would be productive in the organization. Accoding to Candlin Sarangi (2011), employee attitude is a major determinant of the way that employee would be productive in the organization. The attitude of an employee is reported to have a very strong link in the way that they adopt the culture in the organization (Candlin Sarangi, 2011). One of the examples of such situations is when an employee is asked by the manager to decide whether they are comfortable working in the organization in the next five year or not(Saari Judge, 2014). Also according to Saari Judge (2014), for an organisation to improve employee attitude, it is important for organisations to constantly hold trainings and seminars where employees and managers can be taught about various behaviour factors and be able to improve on their attitude as well. If the employee totally accepts the offer then it will mean that he has a positive attitude towards the organization however if the intention of the employee is to leave the organization immediately his or her co ntract ends then it might mean that he has developed negative attitude about the organization. Employee attitude thus will affect the way that an employee is motivated to do is tasks and how he will be productive (Bernerth, et al., 2007). The other ways in which an organization can look at employee attitude with regard to motivation is by asking them how they feel about their workstations, job description and working hours on a salary. These questions are also necessary to ask since they help in shaping up the organization behaviour of the firm and enables organizations to understand their employees more closely(Hofstede, 2001). Job Satisfaction According to Choi (2011), job satisfaction looks at the attitude an employee carries whenever they are working. This has to do with whether they feel overworked, exploited or treated well in their jobs. In most cases job satisfaction is about employees achieving what they desire in their Job description. According to literature, employees with good communication skills tend to gain more at their workplaces than those without(Nishii, et al., 2008). Other factors that will also be considered when discussing job satisfaction will look at the work environment that discusses supervision at work, standard operating procedures, working hours and policies in the organization(Snezana, 2007). The above factors will be will be used to determine whether employees are satisfied with the style of management, employee promotion, working policies and relationships with co-workers (Hart Cooper, 2001) When it comes to managing people in organizations job satisfaction will explore employee feelings ab out the work and how they perceive the way that they are treated in their places of work. This aspect is thus an affective and shall mostly look at the emotions of employees and the things they like and what they do not like(Festinger, 2007). This is thus the overall attitude with regard to the work that an employee is assigned. According to Guest (2008) it is important for managers to discuss negative and positive feelings that workers show when they are at work. For example, this can be observed through personal character. According to, Walumbwa, et al. (2010) managers are required to interact with employees and other workers. The companys standard operation procedures should also be design in a manner that it enables employees accept and live by the working conditions. It is important that employers put in place aspects that can encourage an employee to hold a positive attitude towards work and the level of satisfaction which also looks at the way that he or she is going to conduct oneself in the organization. According to (Grigaliunas Herzberg, 2007) the advantages of ensuring employees are satisfied with their place of work will result in to high performances by employees and increase turnover for the organization(Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The areas are very important in the behaviour of organizations. Increased performance of employees in an organization like hospitality for example, can only be realised if employee are well motivated(Choi, 2011). When this is realised then the company will also reduce the cost of employee turnover and recruitment and training costs. Theory of Motivation and Job satisfaction The satisfaction of an employee at work is a challenging concept for any manager and is not easily measured, this could be slightly different from employee motivation. However the two go together. Employee job satisfaction will look much more at the personal attitude with regard to the way that employees feel about their current job description. These factors can be quantitative or qualitative, organizational or personal motivation which directs to job satisfaction in the organization (Hecht, et al., 2010). According to the Motivator Hygiene theory by Frederick Herzberg, (2007) the satisfaction of an employee or dissatisfaction will look at factors which are both external and internal in nature. Such factor are very important since the enable organizations to understand attitudes that employeees form with regard to work. Internal factors for example, will be related to the department the employee works in. for example the kind of powers that the employee is allowed to exercise, job description and the kind of supervision excercised in the organization(Armstrong Taylor, 2014). In this regard, motivation will be the main factor that would be looked at by an employee when they are looking forward to peforming their tasks. Hygienic or external factor on the other hand will have more to do with the employees work environment in all aspects. For example, it is likely that an employee may not be satisfied with the work policies in the organisaiton, the salary allocation, interpersonal relatio ns or the working hours and leave days. The theory of motivation states that factors which are important in employee motivation will look at job satisfaction as well(Hill, et al., 2014). In another view by Darwish (2000), job satisfaction does not always have to do with the single view by various dimensions of work as well. However, there is quite a very unique relationship when exploring employee motivation in different aspects. For example, in one organization, there could be employees who are not satisfied with a certain area of their job but are happy about the salary. This means that for these workers, though the job may not be as welcoming as such, they are motivated to continue working due to the kind of salary allocated for the work. This proves that different levels of satisfaction may not really affected the way that employee is motivated to work with regard to individual, cultural and organizational factors(Loon, et al., 2015). This means that it is very important for managers to ensure differences which exist between employees and the organization and what they feel with regard to how they are supervised at work, working hours, increment of salary and other policies in the organization. Employee motivation will be important factor in shaping them up to what they need to be as employees and make then find satisfaction in the way they do their work. This is due to the fact that, organization behaviour will shape up employees to the effect that they are able to realise positive results and also improve their internal and external view of the organization. It is also important to note that employees in organization are only able to act on the basis of what they see as being the right thing to do in the organization. The basic reason for this is to be able to understand how different work situations will motivate an employee and increase production in the company. This means that, as employees are able to bring their perception closer to the reality of the organization, the will be able to know what to know with the organization and what to do with themselves within the organization. It is also important that each employee shares with the management of the organization about what they expect from the organization so that managers are able to put in place mechanisms that look in to their concerns as well as the needs of their organization. Employee motivation thus determines the performance at work, according to Snezana (2007), the relationship between employee motivation and the employee performance is more complicated and may not usually lead to the other. It is also not fair to assume that employee motivation will eventually result to performance(Harris, et al., 2012). For example, when an employee is rated as an average performer it does not mean that if motivated he may do more. Other factors come in such as knowledge and work experience(Hackman Katz, 2010)(H.Zhao Seibert, 2006). Employee motivation and performance has a very challenging relationship that need to be explored more deeply. According to the Hawthorne studies carried in 1930, a researcher looked at the effects of employee attitude for example, and the way that this affected performance (Loon, et al., 2015). It was found that employee motivation and performance can be seen through believing that performance can change employee attitude thus increase motivation for the employee. This is due to the fact that increased performance at work eventually leads in to high social and economic regard for the employee, which is a major factor for motivation(Bernerth, et al., 2007). (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Employee motivation will also affect the behaviour of people in the organization as it is the major determinant in the way people are productive in the organization. A well-motivated employee will always perform his or her task with a positive regard. This will be seen in the way that employee is able to meet deadline schedules, comes early at work and is in good relationship with his or her peers. When there is much motivation at work, even other employees will that the organization with the same attitude which improves the general organizational behaviour. Employees will also be able to perform much more when there is general attitude at the workplace that encourages positivity through sharing experiences in each aspect of the job(Hecht, et al., 2010). Also according to the motivation theory, employee motivation will affect the general employee turnover. But it is important that the firm considers other factors which will also come in play like the current conditions in the market, work tenure, alternative job opportunities economic situations and salary scale of the organization. These are some of the main factors that can lead to the employee seeking an alternative employment. Grigaliunas Herzberg (2007), supports this argument when he reiterates that the major reasons that employee leave organizations is due to lack of motivation which affects the employee. However, for other aspects of the organisaiton, this may not really be affective. The same issue is observed even with poor perfromers who may not be taken in other organizations hen they are not motivated to work in the current job(Darwish, 2000). It is a common observation for an unmotivated employee to constantly withdraw from their daily work duties. An employee who is not well motivated is most likely to quite the job at the end of the day or immediately he gets a new placement. There is a very clear relationship between a low performing employee and motivation at work (Festinger, 2007). This is also seen in other forms of work withdrawals like abuse of drugs, lateness, grievances, excuses not to come to work, work theft and early call for retirement. It is also important to remember that employee motivation can also lead to the defiance within workplaces where employees come together in unions and fight out the current administration who may not have listened to their grievances. Such issues may include long working hours, the work policies, lack of employee promotion and other aspects of motivating employees (Bernerth, et al., 2007). In this regard, the organization is likely to find employees teaming up in protest of dissatisfaction of their job descriptions and protesting work relationship with supervisors or long hours. Conclusion In conclusion organization behaviour is influenced by factors such as employee motivation which ensures that there is maximum performance. It is important for managers in organization to look at determinants of employee motivation and make sure that this is exercised at all times. Some of the issues that are worth remembering would be first of all to put in place job description that do not exploit employees. It will also be important that employees are given opportunities for promotion, salary increment, are allowed to form unions and often are given leave days and day off. It is also important that managers make the work environment friendly for employees by not being too strict for them or too lenient for them to not feel as if they are valued in the organization. References Armstrong, M., 2012. Armstrong's handbook of management and leadership: developing effective people skills for better leadership and management. s.l.:Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice: Building Sustainable Organizational Performance Improvement. s.l.:Kogan Page; Thirteenth Edition edition. Benn, S. Bolton, D., 2011. Key Concepts in Corporate Social Responsibility. 1st ed. NY: SAGE Publications Ltd. Bernerth, B. J., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, S. H. Walker, H. J., 2007. Justice, Cynicism, and Commitment, A study of important organizational change variables. Journal of Applied behavioral science, pp. 303-326. Candlin, C. N. Sarangi, S., 2011. Handbook of Communication in Organisations and Professions. 2 ed. Melbourne: De Gruyter Mouton. Choi, M., 2011. Employees' attitudes towards organizational change: A literature review.. Human Resource Management, pp. 479-500. Cummings, T. G. Worley, C. G., 2014. Organization Development and Change. 10th ed. NY: Cengage Learning. Darwish, Y., 2000. Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction as Predictors of Attitudes Toward Organizational Change in a Non-Western Setting. Personal Review, pp. 6-25. Festinger, L., 2007. A theory of cognitive dissonance. s.l.:Stanford University Press. Grigaliunas, B. Herzberg, F., 2007. Relevancy in the Test of Motivator-Hygiene Theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, pp. 73-79. Guest, D., 2008. Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations.. Journal of Management Studies. H.Zhao Seibert, S., 2006. The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial personality dimensions and entrepreneurial. Journal of Applied Psychology, pp. 91(2), 259-271.. Hackman, J. Katz, N., 2010. Group behavior and performance. In S. T. Fiske, D.T. Gilbert, G. Lindzey (Eds.). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed.), Volume 2, pp. 1208-1251. Harris, L., Tuckman, A. Snook, J., 2012. Supporting workplace dispute resolution in smaller businesses: Policy perspectives and operational realities.. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(607), p. 23. Hart, P. M. Cooper, C. L., 2001. Occupational stress: Toward a more integrated framework. In: Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology. London: Sage, pp. 93-114. Hecht, T. D., Meyer, J. P., Gill, H. Toplonytsky, L., 2010. Personorganization (culture) fit and employee commitment under conditions of organizational change: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, pp. 458-473. Hill, C., Jones, G. Schilling, M., 2014. Strategic management: Theory Cases: An Integrated Approach.. 11th ed. ed. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Hofstede, G., 2001. Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. s.l.:SAGE Publications, Inc; 2nd edition . Loon, v., Vandenabeele, W. Leisink, P., 2015. Clarifying the Relationship Between Public Service Motivation and In-Role and Extra-Role Behaviors: The Relative Contributions of Person-Job and Person-Organization Fit. s.l.:The American Review of Public Administration. Mack, S., 2016. Adverse Effects of a Bad Attitude in the Workplace. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/adverse-effects-bad-attitude-workplace-18249.html [Accessed 12 August 2016]. Nishii, L., Lepak, D. B.Scheider, 2008. NISHII, Employee Attributions of the why of HR Practices: their effects on Emplyee Attitude and Behaviour. , Personnel Psychology, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 503-545., 61(3), pp. 503-545. Root, G. N., 2016. How Do Negative Positive Attitudes Affect the Workplace?. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-positive-attitudes-affect-workplace-21287.html [Accessed 12 August 2016]. Saari, L. Judge, T., 2014. Employee attitudes and job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 395-407(4), p. 43. Snezana, M., 2007. MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYEES AND BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION IN HEALTH CARE ORGANISATIONS. Acta Medica Medianae, pp. 53-62. Walumbwa, F., Hartnell, C. Oke, A., 2010. WaluServant Leadership, Procedural Justice Climate, Service Climate, Employee Attitudes, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: A Cross-Level Investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology , 95(3), pp. 517-529.

Alasia Hotel Resorts Companys Risk Management

Alasia Hotel Resorts Companys Risk Management Introduction Understanding risk and risk management in an organisation requires one to understand that risks are varied depending on the type of organization in question. Risk management is the system of strategies, policies and practices that minimize an organization’s exposure to risk, cushioning it against the effects of those risks (Investor Glossary 2011; McNeil, Frey and Embrechts 2005).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Alasia Hotel Resorts Company’s Risk Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To understand the nature of the dynamics of risk requires one to also consider the variety of business interests and business fields such as health, transport, finance and other (Hutter and Power 2005). Thus, risk management in the business environment assumes different perspectives depending n the organization and the risks in question. However, Hutter and Power (2005) adds that risk management is not something an organization chances to do, but should be a deliberate effort to prepare the organization to deal with future emergencies. Thus proper and effective risk management ensures that the future of the organization is assured. This does not however mean that organizations understand the nature and type of risks that they will encounter in the present and in the future. It means that organizations must implement the correct strategies to deal with dynamic risks as they arise and minimize their effect (Hutter Power 2005). Company outline Alasia Hotel Resorts (AHR) Alasia Hotel Resorts (AHR) is owned by Alexia Limited which was registered in 1984 as a private limited company. AHR is an exclusively full service establishment with fully owned hotels and resorts in these exceptional cities; Berlin, Frankfurt, Budapest, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, Sydney and Hamburg. The company has also franchises in London, New York and Florida. It offers a variety off services and products, and c aters for individual, group and corporate clients on full board, half board and customized services. AHR has well established restaurants, coffee shops, bars, catering and cocktail lounges with full service personnel. AHR also offers accommodation services in our main resorts or condominiums with room and personalized services. Condominiums are only for private full board accommodation for small groups or families and guarantees all services offered at the he main hotels. All our large hotels also have exclusive retail shops such as gift shops, boutiques and chemists.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Our hotels and resorts offer other services such as beauty parlors, ballrooms, fitness centers, health amenities, laundry and valet service. Other than these, AHR also has the facilities for exhibit halls, seminars, conferences, private functions such as wedding and ot her types of meetings. To facilitate easy movement of clients, AHR has secured coaches and saloon cars available upon request. As Hutter and Power (2005) explains, risk management is a deliberate effort that is part of AHR’s core business; the same can be said of AHR. The nature of AHR’s business, deals with risks every day, therefore risk management is a core function in its daily operations. As such, risk management becomes the culture and therefore in the business practices at the company. The company has tailored its risk management to suit its business model, nature of business and other factors, such as future expectations (AS/NZS ISO 31000, 2009). The company has thus had to implement risk management strategies as well as processes and a criterion of evaluation to ensure that risk management procedures meet the necessary criteria. Risk management practices at AHR The Company has realized the potential danger of the risks that it is exposed to and as such has for med a risk management department whose membership incorporate all the departmental heads under the leadership of the Risk Evaluation And Management Officer whose is assisted by the company’s chief finance officer and chief operations officer. The mandate of this department is to device and implements best risk management practices. The following are some of the risk management practices implemented by the Risk Evaluation and Management Unit at AHR. The company’s risk management practices are based on Hubbard’s (2009) theory of calibrating and quantifying risks through actuarial science methods as well as creating a community for risk analysis. This helps to give accurate values of the value and effects of risks to then company and means that risk are quantified in terms of probabilities. The best alternative for each probability is quantified and recorded ready for implementation in case risk happens. The method is anticipatory and forwarded looking and more eff ective basis for dealing with respective risks. This theory provides the basis for implementation of the following risk management practicesAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Alasia Hotel Resorts Company’s Risk Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human resource risk management Reducing the human resource risk involves a very comprehensive recruitment and selection exercise for the best employees, which is later accompanied by empowering the employees through comprehensive and continuous training and giving them the authority to solve any problem regarding any client issue. Training program also includes leadership development; equipping all employees with leadership skills improves accountability (Enz and Siguaw 2010). This greatly improves the employee’s skills and knowledge thus ensures high productivity levels are maintained. It also encourages non-performers to seek career prospects elsewhe re thus reduces non-productivity risk that would have arisen. For long term commitment the company has implemented an attractive compensation for employees who engage on long term basis (Huselid 1995). Compensation for performing employees includes vacation in one of the international hotel for employee and their immediate families, paid leaves, allowances for extra time duties, among other packages. The objective of this management practice is to improve employee morale and productivity while empowering them to offer satisfactory services to guests and thus ensure that guest are satisfied with AHR’s services. Financial risk management Minimizing financial risk involves controlling the company’s revenue and income by calculating the equilibrium pricing and controls. Because the company operates in various countries, its finances rare also exposed to foreign exchange rates fluctuation (Prindl 1978). Managing the forex rate fluctuations, the company has identified a repo rting currency, US dollar, in which it converts all its assets. This decision is based on the concept of the stability of the US dollar and its universality, which makes financing its international operations easier. Alasia transacts its daily international business through a pre-agreed exchange rate that is not affected by any variation in foreign exchange rates. As such, the company profit margins are insured against any loss. The company and the Risk Evaluation and Management Unit came up with the following equation for hedging;Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More h=E-1 Where E is equal to the amount of foreign exchange exposure risk and varies from 0 to 1. If total hedging is done, the amount of E will be equal to 0 and thus not sensitive to any fluctuations in foreign exchange (Kroner and Sultan 1993). Managing insurance premiums The company has also engaged in insuring all its assets for any loss of value and damage. Depreciating assets such furniture, kitchenware and vehicles have been well insured and thus any loss of value is compensated. Other than this, the nature of the business as well as the international political climate exposes the company to rising insurance premiums. This affects the company revenues. As such, the company has integrated a training program for all its employees in risk reduction. This is aimed at helping reduce claims and as such has kept the insurance premium rates for the hotel relatively low. The company entered into agreement with its underwriter for discounted insurance premiums if the company manages its claims. Negotiations are in their final stages and this arrangement is expected to come into force soon (Hill 2004). Effective risk management practices Hedging One of the most effective risk management practices the company is the hedging that incorporates the value and nature of assets. This means that the company incorporates the value of the asset in determining the hedging value. As such, the asset value is part of part of calibrating the hedging ratio (Kroner and Sultan 1993). Hedging has also seen the group run its international business efficiently without incurring any losses associated with changing forex rates. As such the company has managed to make long term plans for its international business operations (Chowdhry d Howe 1999). The company has seen the rise of its hedged assets such as franchises and other outsourced services like chattered flight for its clients. As such, the company has seen its international business operations done at optimal rates and therefore sw ells the company’s profits margins. Insurance and its benefits Hedging may not guarantee the protection of the company’s physical assets, thus the insurance policy against loss of value is a novel idea. It ensures that the company’s loss in the value of its company depreciating assets such as vehicles, furniture and others is easily recovered is recovered during liquidation. As such, the company’s capital investment is protected against loss as well as guaranteeing better returns in investment. As such, these make the company more fluid in increasing its acquisition and replacement of such assets (Gustavo and Stavros 2011). Ineffective risk management practices Some of the practices in the company’s risk management have not been effective and may not necessarily reduce the effects of risks to the company. Such activities as managing the insurance premiums are not sustainable. This is because the causes of the said rising in insurance premiums are e xternal and outside the group sphere of influence. Such issues as terrorism affect global travel therefore forcing people to stay in their homes and avoid such risk. In effect of the rising threat, the underwriter automatically appreciates insurance premiums due to the increased threat as such situations are not covered by discounted rate agreement. As such, the hotel industry suffers most damage when such threats are high (Hill 2004). The group has one of the best recruitment exercises in the market. It helps in establishing the best quality workforce for the company. It guarantees that the company hires the best brains in very field. However, the exercise ignores one of the fundamental aspects of human resource development, which is developing and growing its own human resource through internship and apprenticeship. Apprenticeship is a very efficient method of grooming potential replacements as well as ensuring a reservoir of workers in a company as well as tapping the best talent while still raw and developing it to fit into a company’s needs (Enz and Siguaw 2010; Huselid 1995). Lastly, the company is not entirely secured by establishing the dollar as the principle currency of trade. The dollar despite being a relatively stable currency is not immune to fluctuation. Due to the company’s large volumes of trade, even the slightest negative change in the value of the dollar will affect the company’s income (Kroner, and Sultan 1993). Recommendations To improve its risk management practices, the company should consider the following recommendations; Alternative currency The most viable option to cushion this effect is to establish an alternative currency such as the Euro as its principle currency of trade, which the company will use to conduct business with, should the dollar fluctuate significantly (Prindl 1978; Malevergne Sornette 2006). Workplace issues The company’s human resource risk management practice is very efficient in man aging how employees work. However, it does vaguely cover employees’ claims concerning harassment, discrimination as well as other workplace issues. As such, the company should keep a regularly updated company policy on discrimination and train all employees on policies concerning these issues and how to avoid them at the work place (Hill 2004). Insurance industries research The insurance industry is also so unpredictable and as such company risk losing their investment when an underwriter is dissolved. To reduce this risk the company should conduct a research on possible insurers based on the highest claims rating. More important, the company should engage insurers who have the best solvency ratings (Hill 2004). Reference List AS/NZS ISO 31000., 2009, Risk management principles and guidelines. Sydney: Standards Australia. Enz , C., Siguaw, J., 2010. The human dimension: a review of human resources  Management issues in the tourism and hospitality industry Cornell Hotel an d Restaurant Administration Quarterly May Web. Hill, J., 2004. Right this way! Hotels make room for risk management. Web. Available at  https://www.insurancejournal.com/magazines/mag-coverstory/2004/08/23/45573.htm [13, March 2011]. Hubbard, D., 2009. The failure of risk management: why it is broken and how to fix it. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Hutter, B., Power, M., 2005, Organizational encounters with risk. New York: Cambridge University Press. Huselid, M., 1995. The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover,  Productivity, and Corporate Financial Performance. The Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 38, No. 3. Kroner, K. , Sultan J., 1993. Time-varying distributions and dynamic hedging with  Foreign currency futures. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 28. Malevergne, Y., Sornette, D., 2006. Extreme financial risk: From dependence to risk  management. New York. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, R., 2005, Qu antitative risk management. New Jersey: Price Town University Press. Prindl, A., 1978. Foreign Exchange Risk. The Journal of Risk and Insurance. Vol. 45, No. 4.

5 Life Lessons You Can Learn from Martin Luther King, Jr.

5 Life Lessons You Can Learn from Martin Luther King, Jr. There is so much we can all learn from Martin Luther King, Jr, and not just on the day off we get once a year to commemorate his life! But it might not have occurred to you to adapt some of his deep wisdom to your own life and career. Here are 5 powerful lessons from Dr. King that could help you live better, do better, and go further.1. Ask why.And more importantly, ask â€Å"why not?† If someone tells you something is impossible, ask this very important question to figure out why they are so convinced, and whether you might be able to offer a solution no one else had seen. When looking for answers to some of the biggest questions of a generation, Dr. King turned to other sources for inspiration. This  teaches us the answers to our problems will often come from unexpected corners, and how important it is to learn from other people and other cultures as much as we can.2. You can’t change change.Change is constant. Dr. King was initially hesitant to join in the 1963 Mar ch on Washington, but he adapted to the evolving movement and ended up leading one of the most moving and effective platforms for social change. Be adaptable. Realize that change is inevitable. All you can control is what you do in the face of it.3. Find where you can give, not just receive.Dr. King once said, â€Å"Life’s most persistent and urgent question is, ‘What are you doing for others?’† In stressful times, it becomes very difficult to focus on anyone but ourselves. But this is a moral requirement, and increasingly more so in our interconnected, fast-paced world. When you’re in a rut, focus on helping people- you’ll be surprised at what a difference that can make.4. Tune out the critics.As long as you’ve chosen a path that’s good and a cause that you are passionate about, and as long as you’re pursuing both with integrity, honesty, and concern for others, then you’ll need to tune out the haters now and then . People will always be critical. Rejection will always happen, particularly in the course of a career. But if you know you’re doing the right thing, you should keep doing it.5. Leave a legacy.Think about what sort of mark you want to leave on the world. Is the work you’re doing going to make a difference to the next generation? Even if you can’t make an impact on the same scale as Dr. King, you can figure out ways to leave your workplace, industry, etc., a little better off for your having been there.

One Day Essays

One Day Essays One Day Essays Michelle Barncastle March 19, 2011 Extra credit On research day I went to the Hispanic Student Achievement and learning academy intervention program. She did a study about Hispanic culture because the drop out rate is so high. The percent of Hispanic students that drop out of school is 25 percent and its 1 and 4 of all ethnicities. She wanted to know if making the students at risk for dropping out have more attention by teachers and have them go into a regular classroom if their scores and grades would go up. They tested this for a semester and there was a good outcome to this experiment while it was going on. The at risk students they really liked being in a separate classroom and having one on one attention. They filled out a survey saying what they most liked about the class they were in and many of them said they liked how when they skipped class for whatever reasons they felt bad for skipping because the teachers cared that they were gone. With this program they new that they would graduate, but when they got taken out of th e class that’s when they started to fall behind again. The second research event I went to was To Come it was about children with disabilities. She talked about visual impairment and how they change the materials in the class for the students that do have visual impairment. Whether it be changing the colors of the projects or the size of the words on the paper. She has does many different studies with visual impairment but she said that she has so many missing data that she has not found yet. This study she has been working on has been a 12-year process and she still has a lot to do. I really enjoyed this workshop I went to I did not know this information before I went in. It was also very fascination topic and was very well thought and well researched. I am glad I went and choose this workshop to go to. The next workshop I went to was about Technically of Art. I picked this workshop to go to because I love learning about art so I thought it was a good fit for me to go to. The speaker she has helped designs the sets for UNC’s theater performances. She said Art was a storyteller and the sets are supposed to tell the story and then when the actors come on the stage they should play off the set. She told us how much work that goes into making a set. How much detail goes into it, was so neat because when you see a set you know what the finished product is. She took us step by step into each step that goes into the sets and it was so cool after each step she showed us a picture and once it all came together it was so beautiful. All of the detail they put into the set was amazing they made everything from scratch. I though it was so fascinating to see all of their hard work come together. I really enjoyed

Beware of These 26 Worst College Majors

Beware of These 26 Worst College Majors SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the biggest decisions you’ll have to make while you’re in college (or even before you begin) is what you’ll want to major in.When you choose a major, you might primarily think about your academic interests or long-term career goals. But perhaps you’re concerned about more practical matters, like employment and earnings opportunities. If you want to scope out majors that will make it more difficult for you to be professionally successful in the long run, you’ve come to the right place. Here, I’ll lay out what makes a major â€Å"bad† before listing the worst college majors in a variety of categories (like worst paying majors, majors with the highest unemployment rates, and lowest value majors). Keep in mind, however, that these can still be great subjects to study. Already majoring in one of the subjects on this list or planning to in the future? Don’t worry - that doesn’t mean you’re doomed to professional failure. At the end, I’ll list tips and strategies for success if you’ve decided to pursue one of the majors on these lists. Let’s get started! What Makes a Major â€Å"Bad?† There's no such thing as an objectively bad major - you should study whatever topic you choose. But in the context of this article, I’m defining the "worst" college majors as onesthat may make it more difficult for you to: Find employment post-graduation (based onaverage unemployment rates) Make a good living (based on average salary) Both find a job AND find a job that pays well There are a lot of reasons why a particular major might make it more difficult for a graduate to find a relatively well-paying job quickly. You’ll want to do your own research on majors that you’re interested in, but here are some possible explanations for why a major may end up on one of our â€Å"worst† lists: Competition in an industry is particularly high, making it harder for recent grads to break into the field. There isn’t a lot of demand for a particular professional with that major, which drives down salaries. A bachelor’s degree may not be enough to gain success in the field. Students may need to pursue a graduate degree in order to find gainful employment. Jobs in a particular field may be found mostly in the public sector. Public sector jobs tend to pay less than private sector jobs. These majors can still be great areas of study and lead to fulfilling careers; they are just, on average, less lucrative ones. Majors With the Worst Employment Rates The following majors are the ones that may make it most difficult for you to find a job after graduation, especially in your field. These majors are correlated with higher-than-average unemployment rates based on a recent report out of Georgetown University. Here are some recent, important figures for reference: Unemployment rates for high school graduates, aged 18-24: 18.9% Unemployment rate for graduates with bachelor’s degrees, aged 18-24: 6.7% *Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2014 You’ll notice that the unemployment rates listed below are much lower than 18.9%, which is the unemployment rate for people without a college degree. They are, however, higher than the average unemployment rate for young people with bachelor’s degrees (6.7%). I’ve also included unemployment for â€Å"experienced graduates† of these majors - you’ll notice that unemployment rates drop as people age and gain more professional experience. We can’t tell, however, whether these people are working in the particular field they majored in at school. On this list, recent college grads are defined as individuals with bachelor’s degrees aged 22-26. Experienced college grads are defined as individuals with bachelor’s degrees aged 35-54. The most recent data is from 20-2012, which is a few years ago now, but given how long this sort of research can take it’s the best information we currently have. These majors may lead to increased job search timelines, which means more stress and less money in your pocket. International Business Unemployment for recent college grads: 12.3% Unemployment for experienced college grads: Not enough information available Computer and Information Systems Unemployment for recent college grads: 12.1% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 4.3% Anthropology and Archaeology Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.9% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 7.1% Political Science Government Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.9% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 5.8% Architecture Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.3% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 7.3% Philosophy and Religious Studies Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.3% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 6.4% Fine Arts Unemployment for recent college grads: 10.2% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 6.5% Commercial Art and Graphic Design Unemployment for recent college grads: 9.9% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 6.8% Economics Unemployment for recent college grads: 9.8% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 4.4% Psychology Unemployment for recent college grads: 9.3% Unemployment for experienced college grads: 6.3% Worst Paying Majors If your primary concern when choosing a major is earning potential, you might want to stay away from the ones on the following list. They’re correlated with particularly low earnings for â€Å"experienced† grads (aged 25-59) according to that same Georgetown report. Median earnings are more helpful than average earnings because averages are easily skewed by very high or very low outliers. Keep in mind that the most recent information from this report is from 20-2012, so salaries are probably slightly higher now. For reference, the average graduate with a bachelor’s degree makes $45,478 right out of college. The average adult with a bachelor’s degree regardless of age makes about $59,124. You may want to avoid the following majors if this empty wallet makes you sadder than it would the average person. Fine Arts Median earnings for recent grads: $28,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $52,000 Drama and Theater Arts Median earnings for recent grads: $28,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $52,000 Anthropology and Archaeology Median earnings for recent grads: $29,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $57,000 Physical Fitness, Parks, Recreation, and Leisure Median earnings for recent grads: $30,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $53,000 Social Work Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $44,000 Family and Consumer Sciences Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $47,000 Music Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $52,000 Psychology Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $53,000 Philosophy and Religious Studies Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $56,000 Film, Video, and Photographic Arts Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $56,000 Chemistry Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Median earnings for experienced grads: $73,000 Lowest Value Majors In this category, I used information from that Georgetown Report to consider the lowest value majors. These are majors that are associated with both high rates of unemployment AND low salaries - that is, they’re the majors that showed up on both of the lists above. Here, you can check out unemployment and median earnings for both recent and more experienced grads for the lowest value majors. Anthropology and Archaeology Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 10.9% Median earnings for recent grads: $29,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 7.1% Median earnings for experienced grads: $57,000 Philosophy and Religious Studies Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 10.3% Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 6.4% Median earnings for experienced grads: $56,000 Fine Arts Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 10.2% Median earnings for recent grads: $28,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 6.5% Median earnings for experienced grads: $52,000 Philosophy and Religious Studies Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 10.3% Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 6.4% Median earnings for experienced grads: $56,000 Psychology Unemployment for recent grads (22-26 years old): 9.3% Median earnings for recent grads: $31,000 Unemployment for experienced grads (30-54 years old): 6.3% Median earnings for experienced grads: $53,000 Are You Doomed If You’ve Chosen One of the WorstMajors? The short answer: no. There are a lot of reasons you can be successful even if you’ve chosen a major that’s associated with low salary, high unemployment, or both. Many students prioritize personal and academic interests over high future salaries, and that’s 100% OK (as long as you’re well-informed and realistic about your employment prospects). Still concerned? Here are a few reasons why you shouldn’t be too worried about choosing a â€Å"bad† major. Don’t abandon ship until you’ve read the rest of this post. You Don’t Have to Pursue a Career That’s Directly Related to Your Major Some of the majors listed above are fairly flexible or broad in scope (like psychology or philosophy). If you’re concerned about getting a job or making enough money after you graduate, you should know it’s possible to switch gears and look for entry-level employment that isn’t directly related to your major. Many employers will view your past employment history as more important that your college major, especially as you get older. You may have to spend more time working your way up the ranks from an entry-level position, but that’s super common with recent college grads anyways. You Can Pursue Graduate Degrees in Your Field A graduate degree may lead to an increase in salary and a decrease in the chance you’ll stay unemployed. Some BA degrees won’t get you anywhere in a particular field without a graduate degree (e.g. you can do next to nothing in psychology without at least a master’s). This won’t apply to every major, but you may want to look into whether a graduate degree (either an MA or a PhD) is all but required for a job in a particular field. Graduate degrees can be expensive and costly, but they can really pay off in the long run with better employment prospects and higher salaries (again, though, it’s important to do your own research on this). Alternatively, you may be able to pursue a graduate degree in a new field, especially if your undergraduate major is one of the more flexible options. 4 Tips If You’re Studying One of the Worst College Majors If you’ve chosen one of these majors (and will be sticking with it), there are a few important things you can do to make sure you don’t end up unemployed or underpaid. Know What You Can Expect to Make If you have a specific career in mind, you can look at websites like payscale.com or salary.com for more info on average earnings. If you’re happy (or unhappy) with these prospects, this will give you an idea of whether you should stay the course or pivot to another career path. Speak With Other Graduates in Your Major Are they working in the same field, or are they doing something different? Are they happy with what they’re earning? Was it difficult to find a job? Keep in mind that any information you get is is anecdotal evidence, so take it with a grain of salt. Meet With a Career Counselor You can often schedule a meeting with a counselor through your school’s career center. They can speak with you more about possible career options based on your major, interests, and strengths. They may also have more info about job growth and earning potential. Finally, career counselors may have contacts in your field in case you wanted to connect with grads in your major - this could turn out to be a great resource. Have a Career Plan Coming up with a solid plan means asking yourself a ton of questions about what you want, including: Do you want to stay in your field and look for jobs directly related to your major, or do you want to branch out? Can you start getting entry-level experience now so that you’ll be better prepared to enter the workforce after you graduate? Would it pay off to look into graduate degree programs? Would a graduate degree make you significantly more valuable as an employee? As your answers to these questions shift (or not) over time, you can amend your plans and goals so that your professional career ends up where you want it to. Coming up with a plan - even if you have to scrap it a few times - is never a bad idea. Wrapping Up The way I defined â€Å"worst† at the beginning of this article was pretty narrow. If your primary concerns are job availability and/or salary, the majors listed here may not be the best fit for you. However, that doesn’t mean that these majors should be avoided at all costs and under all circumstances, and it doesn’t mean you can’t be successful if you’ve chosen one of these majors. It does mean that you should think carefully and critically about your career prospects, especially if you’re interested in choosing one of these majors. To be frank, however, everyone should be doing this if they want to be optimally successful with their degree, no matter how â€Å"good† of a major they’ve chosen. What’s Next? Still stressed about selecting a college major? Only you can figure out which major is best for you, but we may have some information to make the decision a bit easier. Learn about how to choose a major for your college application, and then check out our post on the average college GPA by major. If you’re thinking longer-term about your career prospects, you might be interested in learning about job shadowing - it’s a great way to test out a particular profession to see if it may be a good fit. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: